Should I kill myself?
Question by playlikeyngwie
21 tv stand
I am 21 and never had a girlfriend. I had sex for the first time a week or 2 ago. I like this girl, but I just found out last night that she had sex with this asshole of a guy. For some reason I feel really bad now. I dont know what I am feeling. I feel like a loser because I didnt party in high school and I never even kissed a girl till a few weeks ago. I am so sick of feeling sad and having bad anxiety. If I am not worrying about dying or passing out, I worry about going crazy or I am sad and just want to die. I cant take life anymore. I wish I could just find another job and move out, but I am afraid that I will go crazy and lose my jobs then have to live at home 4 ever. I dont know what to do, and I feel like crying. I have a therapist, but I always feel like I am being yelled at when im with her. I cant stand when people dont like me. I wish I could get over this. I dont want to take meds cuz I feel that they make you a zombie. I try to do things that I enjoy but I cant get myself to do it. Its really hard for me to do my school work 2. All I do is sleep watch tv and get on the internet, then boom my day is over. Please someone help me!!

Best answer:Should I kill myself?

Answer by Sean
well no matter what has happed in your life, suicied is not an option… its actually a really selfish thing to do. you hear alll the time about kid commiting suicide and i doesnt really matter to you but what if it where you? how do u think your Family/friends/teachers even people who barely know you will feel? the would be crushed. trust me. last year… my brothed killed himself… over something stupid though it probably wasnt so stupid for him. He shot himself in the head and i was the one who found him. I cried for months. so did my family and my friends and his friends and everybody. his birthday is coming up and there will most likely be more crying. he would have been 17 on the 24th. So u see your life is valuable, if not in your eyes then in the eyes of the people around you. Please dont do it. Think of someone other that yourself

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Geography

Rocky terrain is highlighted by a recent snow on US Highway 50 southwest of South Lake Tahoe.

Lake Tahoe is the second deepest lake in the U.S., with a maximum depth of 1,645 feet (501 m), trailing only Oregon’s Crater Lake at 1,949 ft (594 m). Tahoe is also the 16th deepest lake in the world, and the fifth deepest in average depth. It is about 22 mi (35 km) long and 12 mi (19 km) wide and has 72 mi (116 km) of shoreline and a surface area of 191 square miles (490 km2). Washoe Indians used the lake. Approximately 2/3 of the shoreline is in California. The south shore is dominated by the lake’s largest city, South Lake Tahoe, California, which adjoins the town of Stateline, Nevada, while Tahoe City, California is located on the lake’s northwest shore. Although highways run within sight of the lake shore for much of Tahoe’s perimeter, many important parts of the shoreline now lie within state parks or are protected by the United States Forest Service.

The lake situates in parts of two counties in California and three in Nevada. According the Census Bureau, it has a surface area of 496.210 km (191.588 sq mi) distributed among these five counties in the given percentages:

Placer County, California (40.961%)

El Dorado County, California (28.626%)

Douglas County, Nevada (13.207%)

Washoe County, Nevada (10.955%)

Carson City, Nevada (6.251%)

Natural history

Geology

Lake Tahoe from space

The Lake Tahoe Basin was formed by a geologic block (normal) faulting. A geologic block fault is a fracture in the Earth’s crust causing blocks of land to move up or down. Uplifted blocks created the Carson Range on the east and the Sierra Nevada on the west. Down-dropped blocks (a graben) created the Lake Tahoe Basin in between.

More technically, Lake Tahoe is the youngest of several extensional basins of the Walker Lane Deformation Belt that accommodates nearly 12 mm/yr of dextral shear between the Sierra Nevada Microplate and North America. The Lake Tahoe basin is formed by a series of large down-to-the-east normal faults, including the West Tahoeollar Point fault, Stateline/North Tahoe fault and the Incline Village fault. These right-stepping en-echelon faults are capable of large magnitude 7 earthquakes, with the most recent M7 paleoquake (~1500 AD) occurring on the Incline Village fault with nearly 9.7 ft (3.0 m) of vertical offset. The West Tahoe-Dollar Point Fault (WTDPF) appears to be the most active and potentially hazardous fault in the basin. A study in Fallen Leaf Lake, just south of Lake Tahoe, used seafloor mapping techniques to image evidence for paleoearthquakes on the WTDPF and revealed the last earthquake occurred between 4,100-4,500 years ago.

Some of the highest peaks of the Lake Tahoe Basin that formed during process of Lake Tahoe creation are Freel Peak at 10,891 feet (3,320 m), Monument Peak at 10,067 feet (3,068 m), Pyramid Peak at 9,983 feet (3,043 m) (in the Desolation Wilderness), and Mount Tallac at 9,735 feet (2,967 m).

Eruptions from the extinct volcano Mount Pluto formed a dam on the north side. Melting snow filled the southern and lowest part of the basin to form the ancestral Lake Tahoe. Rain and runoff added additional water.

Modern Lake Tahoe was shaped and landscaped by scouring glaciers during the Ice Ages, which began a million or more years ago. Lake Tahoe is fed from 63 tributaries with the Truckee River as the only outlet. The Truckee flows northeast through Reno, Nevada and into Pyramid Lake, Nevada which has no outlet.

Soils of the basin come primarily from andesitic volcanic rocks and granodiorite, with minor areas of metamorphic rock. Some of the valley bottoms and lower hill slopes are mantled with glacial moraines, or glacial outwash material derived from the parent rock. Cryopsamments, Cryumbrepts, rockland, rock outcrops and rubble and stony colluvium account for over 70% of the land area in the basin (see USA soil taxonomy). The basin soils (in the < 2 mm fraction) are generally 65-85% sand (0.052.0 mm).

Given the great depth of Lake Tahoe, and the locations of the normal faults within the deepest portions of the lake, modeling suggests that earthquakes on these faults can trigger tsunamis. Wave heights of these tsunamis are predicted to be on the order of 10 to 33 ft (3 to 10 m) in height, capable of traversing the lake in just a few minutes. A massive collapse of the western edge of the basin that formed McKinney Bay around 50,000 years ago is thought to have generated tsunami/seiche wave with height approaching 330 ft (100 m).

Climate

Fallen Leaf Lake and Lake Tahoe in background from Angora Ridge Rd. to the Angora Lakes Resort

Mean annual precipitation ranges from over 55 in (1,400 mm) in watersheds on the west side of the basin to about 26 inches (660 mm) near the lake on the east side of the basin. Most of the precipitation falls as snow between November and April, although rainstorms combined with rapid snow melt account for the largest floods. There is a pronounced annual runoff of snowmelt in late spring and early summer, the timing of which varies from year to year. In some years, summertime monsoon storms from the Great Basin bring intense rainfall, especially to high elevations on the east side of the basin.

August is normally the warmest month at the Lake Tahoe Airport (elevation 6,254 ft (1,906 m)) with an average maximum of 78.7 F (25.9 C) and an average minimum of 39.8 F (4.3 C). January is the coolest month with an average maximum of 41.0 F (5.0 C) and an average minimum of 15.1 F (-9.4 C). The all-time maximum of 99 F (37.2 C) was recorded on July 22, 1988. The all-time minimum of -29 F (-33.9 C) was recorded on December 9, 1972, and February 7, 1989. Temperatures exceed 90 F (32.2 C) on an average of 2.0 days annually. Minimum temperatures of 32 F (0 C) or lower occur on an average of 231.8 days annually, and minimum temperatures of 0 F (-17.8 C) or lower occur on an average of 7.6 days annually. Freezing temperatures have occurred every month of the year.

Ecology

Salmon (Oncorhyncus nerka) jumping beaver dam

Vegetation in the basin is dominated by a mixed conifer forest of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), lodgepole pine (P. contorta), white fir (Abies concolor), and red fir (A. magnifica). The basin also contains significant areas of wet meadows and riparian areas, dry meadows, brush fields (with Arctostaphylos and Ceanothus) and rock outcrop areas, especially at higher elevations. Ceanothus is capable of fixing nitrogen, but mountain alder (Alnus tenuifolia), which grows along many of the basin streams, springs and seeps, fixes far greater quantities, and contributes measurably to nitrate-N concentrations in some small streams.

Beaver (Castor canadensis) were re-introduced to the Tahoe Basin by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) and the U. S. Forest Service between 1934 and 1949. Descended from no more than nine individuals, 1987 beaver populations on the upper and lower Truckee River had reached a density of 0.72 colonies (3.5 beavers) per kilometer. At the present time beaver have been seen in Tahoe Keys, Meeks Creek at Meeks Bay on the western shore, and King’s Beach on the north shore, so the descendants of the original nine beavers have apparently migrated around most of Lake Tahoe. It has been shown that trout and salmon move freely across beaver dams.

See also: Beaver in the Sierra Nevada

Human history

Native people

The area around Lake Tahoe was originally inhabited by the Washoe tribe of Native Americans. Lake Tahoe was the center and heart of Washoe Indian territory, including the upper valleys of the Walker, Carson, and Truckee Rivers. The English name for Lake Tahoe derives from the Washo dw, “lake”.

Exploration

Lt. John C. Frmont was the first person of European descent to see Lake Tahoe, during Fremont’s second exploratory expedition on February 14. 1844. John Calhoun Johnson, Sierra explorer and founder of “Johnson’s Cutoff” (now U.S. Route 50), was the first white man to see Meeks Bay and from a peak above the lake he named Fallen Leaf Lake after his Indian guide. His first job in the west was in the government service, carrying the mail on snowshoes from Placerville to Nevada City, during which time he named the lake “Lake Bigler” in honor of California third governor John Bigler. In 1853 William Eddy, the surveyor general of California, identified Tahoe as Lake Bigler. In 1862 the U.S. Department of the Interior first introduced the name Tahoe. Both names were used until well into the next century. The lake didn’t receive its official and final designation as Lake Tahoe until 1945.

California and Nevada reached the compromise to partition Tahoe between the two when Nevada became a state in 1864. With the state line east of the approximate centerline of the lake and then at 39 degrees north latitude, the state border runs southeasterly towards the Colorado River.

Mining era

Boat at Lake Tahoe

Upon discovery of gold in the South Fork of the American River in 1848, thousands of gold seekers going west passed near the basin on their way to the gold fields. European civilization first made its mark in the Lake Tahoe basin with the 1858 discovery of the Comstock Lode, a silver deposit just 15 miles (24 km) to the east in Virginia City, Nevada. From 1858 until about 1890, logging in the basin supplied large timbers to shore up the underground workings of the Comstock mines. The logging was so extensive that loggers cut down almost all of the native forest. In 1864, Tahoe City was founded as a resort community for Virginia City, the first recognition of the basin potential as a destination resort area.

Development

Public appreciation of the Tahoe basin grew, and during the 1912, 1913, and 1918 congressional sessions, congressmen tried unsuccessfully to designate the basin as a national park.

While Lake Tahoe is a natural lake, it is also used for water storage by the Truckee-Carson Irrigation District (TCID). The lake level is controlled by a dam built in 1913 at the lake’s only outlet, the Truckee River, at Tahoe City. The 18-foot (5.5 m) high dam can increase the lake’s capacity by 744,600 acreft (0.9185 km3).

During the first half of the 20th century, development around the lake consisted of a few vacation homes. The post-World War II population and building boom, followed by construction of gambling casinos in the Nevada part of the basin during the mid-1950s, and completion of the interstate highway links for the 1960 Winter Olympics held at Squaw Valley, resulted in a dramatic increase in development within the basin. From 1960 to 1980, the permanent residential population increased from about 10,000 to greater than 50,000, and the summer population grew from about 10,000 to about 90,000. Since the 1980s, development has slowed due to controls on land use.

Government and politics

Lake Tahoe lies within the borders of both California and Nevada, and as such is not governed by any single entity. In California, Lake Tahoe is divided between Placer County and El Dorado County. In Nevada, Lake Tahoe is divided among Washoe County, Douglas County and Carson City (an independent city).

The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) is a bi-state compact between California and Nevada, that is charged with environmental protection of the Lake Tahoe Basin through land-use regulation and planning.

Mansions

Lake Tahoe is also the location of several 19th and 20th century palatial homes of historical significance. The Thunderbird Lodge built by George Whittel Jr once included nearly 27 miles of the Nevada shoreline. Vikingsholm was the original settlement on Emerald Bay and included an island teahouse and a 38 room home. The Ehrman Mansion is a summer home built by a former Wells Fargo president in Sugar Pine Point and is now a state park.

Environmental issues

Water quality

Secret Beach on Lake Tahoe’s Nevada side

In spite of land-use planning and export of treated sewage effluent from the basin, the lake is becoming increasingly eutrophic (having an excessive richness of nutrients), with primary productivity increasing by more than 5% annually, and clarity decreasing at an average rate of 0.25 meters per year. Until the early 1980s, nutrient-limitation studies showed that primary productivity in the lake was nitrogen-limited. Now, after a half-century of accelerated nitrogen input (much of it from direct atmospheric deposition), the lake is phosphorus-limited.

Test results over the last eight years have shown a stabilization in lake clarity, announced the Lake Tahoe Research Group in March 2009. Fine sediment, much of it resulting from land disturbance in the basin, accounts for about half of the loss in clarity. Charles Goldman from UC Davis was directly responsible for prompting Tahoe officials to pump all sewage effluent from the basin when Tahoe was being greatly developed in the 1950s. Goldman made local officials understand that even treated sewage would greatly affect the water quality of Lake Tahoe.

Lake Tahoe is a tributary watershed drainage element within the Truckee River Basin, and its sole outlet is the Truckee River, which continues on to discharge to Pyramid Lake. Because of the sensitivity of Truckee River water quality (involving two protected species, the cui-ui sucker fish and the Lahontan cutthroat trout), this drainage basin has been studied extensively. The primary investigations were stimulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, who funded the development of the DSSAM model to analyze water quality below Lake Tahoe.

Lake Tahoe never freezes. Since 1970, it has mixed to a depth of at least 1,300 ft (400 m) a total of 6 or 7 times. Dissolved oxygen is relatively high from top to bottom. Analysis of the temperature records in Lake Tahoe has shown that the lake warmed (between 1969 and 2002) at an average rate of 0.015 C per year. The warming is caused primarily by increasing air temperatures, and secondarily by increasing downward long-wave radiation. The warming trend is reducing the frequency of deep mixing in the lake, and may have important effects on water clarity and nutrient cycling.

Ecosystem changes

Since the 1960s, the Lake’s food web and zooplankton populations have undergone major changes. In 196365, opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) were introduced to enhance the food supply for the introduced Kokanee salmon (Onchorhynchus nerka). The shrimp began feeding on the lake’s cladocerans (Daphnia and Bosmina), and their populations virtually disappeared by 1971. The shrimp provide a food resource for salmon and trout, but also compete with juvenile fish for zooplankton. Since the 1970s, the cladoceran populations have somewhat recovered, but not to former levels.

In June 2007, the Angora Fire burned approximately 3,100 acres (1,300 ha) throughout the South Lake Tahoe area. While the impact of ash on the lake’s ecosystem is predicted to be minimal, the impact of potential future erosion is not yet known.

Environmental protection

Until recently, construction on the banks of the Lake had been largely under the control of wealthy real estate developers. Construction activities have resulted in a clouding of the lake’s blue waters. Currently, the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency is regulating construction along the shoreline. (and has won two Federal Supreme Court battles over recent decisions). These regulations are unpopular with many residents, especially those in the Tahoe Lakefront Homeowners Association.[citation needed]

Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe

The League to Save Lake Tahoe (Keep Tahoe Blue) has been the public interest watchdog in the Lake Tahoe Basin for 50 years. Founded when a proposal to build a four-lane highway around the lakeith a bridge over the entrance to Emerald Bayas proposed in 1957, the League has thwarted poorly designed development projects and environmentally unsound planning. Currently evaluating the “Pathways 2007″ comprehensive plan being developed by TRPA, the League embraces responsible and diversified use of the Lake’s resources while protecting and restoring its natural attributes.

Since 1980, the Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program (LTIMP) has been measuring stream discharge and concentrations of nutrients and sediment in up to 10 tributary streams in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California-Nevada. The objectives of the LTIMP are to acquire and disseminate the water quality information necessary to support science-based environmental planning and decision making in the basin. The LTIMP is a cooperative program with support from 12 federal and state agencies with interests in the Tahoe Basin. This data set, together with more recently acquired data on urban runoff water quality, is being used by the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board to develop a program (mandated by the Clean Water Act) to limit the flux of nutrients and fine sediment to the Lake.

Tourist activities

Much of the area surrounding Lake Tahoe is devoted to the tourism industry and there are many restaurants, ski slopes and casinos catering to visitors.

Winter sports

Ski slopes overlooking Lake Tahoe

Lake Tahoe Gondola Ride

During ski season, thousands of people from all over Nevada and California, including Las Vegas, Los Angeles, San Diego and San Francisco, flock to the slopes for downhill skiing. Lake Tahoe, in addition to its panoramic beauty, is well known for its blizzards.

Some of the major ski areas in Tahoe include:

Heavenly Mountain Resort: the largest ski area in California and Nevada, located near Stateline

Squaw Valley: the second largest ski area, known for its hosting of the 1960 Winter Olympics, located near Tahoe City

Alpine Meadows: a medium sized ski area on the north shore only a few miles from Squaw Valley

Diamond Peak: a small ski area located in Incline Village, Nevada

Northstar at Tahoe: a popular north shore ski area

Kirkwood Mountain Resort: a south shore ski area which gets more snow than any other ski area in Tahoe

Sierra-at-Tahoe: a medium sized south shore ski area

Boreal Mountain Resort: a small ski area on Donner Pass

Sugar Bowl Ski Resort: a medium sized ski area in Donner Pass

Donner Ski Ranch: a very small ski area on Donner Pass

Homewood Ski Resort: a medium sized ski area on the west shore

Mount Rose Ski Resort: a medium sized ski area north-east of the Lake, on Slide Mountain

The majority of the ski resorts in the Lake Tahoe region are on the northern end of the lake, near Truckee, California and Reno, Nevada. Kirkwood, Sierra-at-Tahoe and Heavenly are located on the southern side of the lake, approximately 80 miles (129 km) from Reno. It is common for visitors to ski amongst these 3 resorts when staying in Southern Lake Tahoe and not venture to the northern lake resorts (Squaw Valley, Northstar at Tahoe, Sugar Bowl, etc.).

Scattered throughout Tahoe are public and private sled parks. Some, such as Granlibakken are equipped with rope tows to help sledders get up the hill.

Many ski areas around Tahoe also have snow tubing, such as Squaw Valley. Snow tubing is popular among people who are interested in alternative sports. Throughout Tahoe, cross country skiing, snowmobile riding, and snowshoeing are also popular, thus there are many trails for them.

Water sports

During late Spring to early Fall, the lake is popular for water sports and beach activities. The two cities most identified with the Lake Tahoe tourist area are South Lake Tahoe, California and the smaller Stateline; smaller centers on the northern shoreline include Tahoe City and Kings Beach.

Boating is a primary activity in Tahoe in the summer. There are lake front restaurants all over the lake, most equipped with docks and buoys (See the restaurants section). There are all sorts of boating events, such as sailboat racing, firework shows over the lake, guided cruises, and more. As an interstate waterway, Lake Tahoe is subject to the United States Coast Guard. Lake Tahoe is home to Coast Guard Station Lake Tahoe.

SCUBA diving is popular at Lake Tahoe, with some dive sites offering dramatic drop-offs or wall dives. Diving at Lake Tahoe is considered advanced due to the increased risk of decompression sickness (DCS) while diving at such a high altitude.

Hiking and bicycling

view from the Tahoe Rim Trail

There are hundreds of hiking and mountain biking trails all around the lake. They range in length, difficulty, and popularity. One of the most famous of Tahoe’s trails is the Tahoe Rim Trail, a 165 mile (270 km) trail that circumnavigates the lake. Directly to the west of the lake is the Granite Chief Wilderness, which provides great hiking and wilderness camping. Also, to the southwest is the very popular Desolation Wilderness. One of the most popular trailheads is the Eagle Lake Trailhead. There are also several paved off-road bicycle paths.

Gambling

Casinos in Stateline, Nevada

Gambling is legal on the Nevada side of Lake Tahoe. Casinos, each with a variety of slot machines and table games, are located on the South Shore in Stateline, and on the North Shore in Crystal Bay and Incline Village.

North Shore – Crystal Bay:

Cal Neva Lodge & Casino

Crystal Bay Club

Jim Kelley’s Tahoe Nugget

Tahoe Biltmore Lodge & Casino

North Shore – Incline Village:

Hyatt Regency Lake Tahoe Resort, Spa & Casino

South Shore – Stateline:

Bill’s Casino Lake Tahoe

Harrah’s Lake Tahoe

Harvey’s Lake Tahoe Casino and Resort – owned by Harrah’s

Horizon Casino Resort

Lakeside Inn

MontBleu Resort Casino & Spa

Transport

Cave Rock Tunnel on US 50

U.S. Route 50 in South Lake Tahoe

The nearest passenger train service is the Amtrak station in Truckee.

Airports serving Lake Tahoe

Reno-Tahoe International Airport/KRNO (Reno, Nevada)

Sacramento International Airport/KSMF (Sacramento, California)

Lake Tahoe Airport/KTVL (South Lake Tahoe, California)

Truckee-Tahoe Airport/KTRK (Truckee, California)

Minden-Tahoe Airport/KMEV (Minden, Nevada)

Highways

Visitors can reach Lake Tahoe under ideal conditions within 2 hours from the Sacramento area, 1 hour from Reno or 30 minutes from Carson City. In winter months, chains or snow tires are often necessary to reach Tahoe from any direction. Traffic can be heavy on weekends due to tourists if not also from weather.

The primary routes to Lake Tahoe are on Interstate 80 via Truckee, U.S. Highway 50, and Nevada Highway 431 via Reno. Most of the highways accessing and encircling Lake Tahoe are paved two-lane mountain roads. US 50 is a four-lane highway passing south of the lake and along part of the eastern shore.

California Highway 89 follows the western shore of the lake through the picturesque wilderness and connects camping, fishing and hiking locations such as those at Emerald Bay State Park, DL Bliss State Park and Camp Richardson. Farther along are communities such as Meeks Bay and Tahoe City. Finally, the highway turns away from the lake and heads northwest toward Truckee.

California Highway 28 completes the circuit from Tahoe City around the northern shore to communities such as Kings Beach, Crystal Bay, and into Incline Village, Nevada where the road becomes Nevada Highway 28. Highway 28 returns along the eastern shore to US Highway 50 near Spooner Lake.

In the media

The Ponderosa Ranch of the TV series Bonanza was formerly located on the Nevada side of Lake Tahoe. The opening sequence of the TV series was filmed at the McFaul Creek Meadow, with Mount Tallac in the background. In September 2004 the Ponderosa Ranch closed its doors, after being sold to developer David Duffield for an undisclosed price.

In the motion picture The Godfather Part II, the Corleone family lived in a compound on the shores of the Nevada side of Lake Tahoe. In a famous scene from the final minutes of the film, Fredo Corleone is taken out onto the lake for a fishing trip, only to be executed for treachery, on the orders of his brother Michael (Al Pacino), who watches from the shore. The house and grounds portrayed in the film are actually located on the California side of Lake Tahoe: Fleur du Lac, the summer estate of Henry J. Kaiser. The only structures used in the movie that still remain are the complex of old native stone boathouses with their wrought iron gates. Although Fleur du Lac is private property and no one is allowed ashore there, the boathouses and multi-million dollar condominiums are easily viewed from the lake.

Most of the film Smoking Aces was filmed In South Lake Tahoe and Stateline. Many of the hotels and casinos are visible in the film with their older names. The climactic scenes of the 1987 Charles Bronson film Assassination were filmed around and on Lake Tahoe. Tahoe features prominently in the plot of the noir classic Out of the Past. Both The Bodyguard and City Of Angels filmed their climactic scenes at and around Lake Tahoe and the surrounding Fallen Leaf Lake (California). Meg Ryan’s bike-riding scene prominently features Lake Tahoe in the background.

The British TV program Top Gear filmed at Lake Tahoe in Episode 2 of Series 12 in 2008.

Peaks and mountains

Pyramid Peak

Mount Tallac 9,735 ft (2,967 m)

Mount Pluto 8,610 ft (2,624 m)

Rubicon Peak 9,183 ft (2,799 m)

Genoa Peak 9,150 ft (2,789 m)

Freel Peak 10,881 ft (3,317 m)

Mount Rose 10,778 ft (3,285 m)

Ellis Peak 8,740 ft (2,664 m)

Scott Peak 8,289 ft (2,526 m)

Ward Peak 8,637 ft (2,633 m)

Dick’s Peak 9,974 ft (3,040 m)

Maggies Peak 8,699 ft (2,651 m)

Jakes Peak 9,187 ft (2,800 m)

Monument Peak 10,067 ft (3,068 m)

Duane Bliss Peak 8,729 ft (2,661 m)

Jobs Peak 10,633 ft (3,241 m)

Jobs Sister 10,823 ft (3,299 m)

Stevens Peak 10,061 ft (3,067 m)

Red Lake Peak 10,061 ft (3,067 m)

Relay Peak 10,324 ft (3,147 m)

Mount Houghton 10,483 ft (3,195 m)

Pyramid Peak 9,983 ft (3,043 m)

Snow Valley Peak 9,214 ft (2,808 m)

See also

South Lake Tahoe

Emerald Bay State Park

Rubicon Trail

Mono Lake

Clear Lake

Pyramid Lake

Washoe Lake

Fallen Leaf Lake, California

Lake Tahoe-Nevada State Park

Notes

^ a b c d e f g  ^ a b “Amazing Lake Tahoe”. Lake Tahoe Visitors Authority. http://www.bluelaketahoe.com/page.php?p=amaz&l=1. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 

^ “Water Quality”. The League To Save Lake Tahoe. http://keeptahoeblue.org/facts/water.php. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 

^ a b “Lake Tahoe Resorts Winter sports”. porterstahoe.com. http://www.porterstahoe.com/lake-tahoe-resorts.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 

^ Munson, Jeff (2008-10-21). “In rocky economy, ski-resort jobs are seen as more than free passes”. Nevada Appeal. http://www.nevadaappeal.com/article/20081021/NEWS/810209953/1070. Retrieved 2008-10-29. 

^ a b The World’s Deepest Lakes – US Department of the Interior: National Park Service|accessdate=2008-10-31

^ “Deepest Lake in the World Deepest Lake in the United States”. Geology.com. http://geology.com/records/deepest-lake.shtml. Retrieved 2008-10-31. 

^ Lake Tahoe Visitors Authority (2005-06-10). “Lake Tahoe Trivia”. Press release. http://www.bluelaketahoe.com/media/release.php?p=p_display&l=2&t=1&id=128. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 

^ Lake Tahoe census tract blocks, 2000 Census, United States Census Bureau

^ Oldow, J.S.; C.L.V. Aiken, J.L. Hare, J.F. Ferguson and R.F. Hardyman (January 2001). “Active displacement transfer and differential block motion within the central Walker Lane, western Great Basin”. Geology 29 (1): 1922. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0019:ADTADB>2.0.CO;2. 

^ Unruh, Jeffrey; James Humphrey and Andrew Barron (April 2003). “Transtensional model for the Sierra Nevada frontal fault system, eastern California”. Geology 31 (4): 327330. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0327:TMFTSN>2.0.CO;2. 

^ Kent, G.M.; J.M. Babcock, N.W. Driscoll, A.J. Harding, J.A. Dingler, G.G. Seitz, J.V. Gardner, L.A. Mayer, C.R. Goldman, A.C. Heyvaert, R.C. Richards, R. Karlin, C.W. Morgan, P.T. Gayes and L.A. Owen (May 2005). “60 k.y. record of extension across the western boundary of the Basin and Range province: Estimate of slip rates from offset shoreline terraces and a catastrophic slide beneath Lake Tahoe”. Geology 33 (5): 365368. doi:10.1130/G21230.1. 

^ Seitz, G.G.; Kent, G., Dingler, J., Karlin, R., Babcock, J., Driscoll, N., and Turner, R. (2005). “First paleoseismic results from the Lake Tahoe Basin: Evidence for three M7 range earthquakes on the Incline Village fault”. Annual Meeting. Seismological Society of America. 

^ Brothers, D.S.; G.M. Kent, N.W. Driscoll, S.B. Smith, J.A. Dingler, R. Karlin, A.J. Harding, G.G. Seitz, J.M. Babcock, (April 2009). “New Constraints on Deformation, Slip Rate, and Timing of the Most Recent Earthquake on the West Tahoe-Dollar Point Fault, Lake Tahoe Basin, California”. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99 (2a). 

^ “Frequently Asked Questions about Lake Tahoe and the Basin”. Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/ltbmu/faqs/. Retrieved 2007-06-20. 

^ Ichinose, G.A.; Anderson, J.G.; Satake, K.; Schweickert, R.A.; Lahren, M.M. (April 2000). “The potential hazard from tsunami and seiche waves generated by large earthquakes within Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada”. Geophysical Research Letters 27 (8): 12031206. doi:10.1029/1999GL011119. 

^ Gardner, J.V. (July 2000). “The Lake Tahoe debris avalanche”. 15th Annual Geological Conference. Geological Society of Australia. 

^ “TAHOE, CALIFORNIA – Climate Summary”. Desert Research Institute. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca8758. Retrieved 2008-10-31.  (1903-2007 climate data)

^ “Climate Data – North Lahontan Hydrologic Region”. State of California, Department of Water Resources. http://www.water.ca.gov/floodmgmt/hafoo/csc/climate_data/nlahontan.cfm. Retrieved 2008-10-31.  (30-year climate data)

^ “Trees Indigenous to Lake Tahoe”. [[ Northstar-at-Tahoe Resort]]. Booth Creek Ski Holdings, Inc.. http://www.northstarattahoe.com/info/ski/media/tahoe_environment.asp. Retrieved 2008-10-31. 

^ Beier P, Barrett RH (1989). “Beaver Distribution in the Truckee River Basin, California”. California Fish and Game. http://oak.ucc.nau.edu/pb1/vitae/Beier-Barrett.1987.CDFG_Beaver.pdf. Retrieved Jan. 17, 2010. 

^ “The Beavers of the Truckee River”. Tahoe Arts and Mountain Culture. July 20, 2009. http://www.tahoeculture.com/2009/07/20/the-beavers-of-the-truckee-river-going-to-town/. Retrieved Jan. 19, 2010. 

^ Michael M. Pollock, Morgan Heim, Danielle Werner (2003). “Hydrologic and Geomorphic Effects of Beaver Dams and Their Influence on Fishes”. American Fisheries Society Symposium 37. http://www.albergstein.com/cao/Best Available Science/Fish/Beaver dam effects paper final.pdf. Retrieved Jan. 17, 2010. 

^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 34

^ “Lake Tahoe Facts and Figures”. Tahoe Regional Planning Association. http://www.trpa.org/default.aspx?tabindex=5&tabid=95. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 

^ “Truckee River Chronology”. Nevada Department of Conservation & Natural Resources. http://water.nv.gov/WaterPlanning/truckee/truckee1.cfm#N_13_. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 

^ Brean, Henry (2009-04-27). “Four Corners mistake recalls long border feud between Nevada, California”. Las Vegas Review-Journal. http://www.lvrj.com/news/43760307.html. Retrieved 2009-04-27. 

^ a b c  ^ “Water Delivery Projects and Facilities”. Lahontan Basin Area Office. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. http://www.usbr.gov/mp/lbao/water_projects.html. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 

^ “Tahoe Regional Planning Agency”. http://www.trpa.org. 

^ “Charles Goldman: Environmental Studies Recipient 1992-1993″. UCDavis. http://academicsenate.ucdavis.edu/award/bios/goldman.html. Retrieved 2007-11-09. 

^ Gimenez Dixon (1996). Chasmistes cujus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 10 May 2006. Listed as Critically Endangered (CR B1+2b v2.3)

^ “Lake Tahoe Q&A”. Heavenly Mountain Resort. http://www.skiheavenly.com/lake_tahoe/things_to_do/points_interest/q_a/. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 

^ Goldman, C.R.; M.D. Morgan, S.T. Threlkeld, N. Angeli (1979). “A Population Dynamics Analysis of the Cladoceran Disappearance from Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada”. Limnology and Oceanography 24 (2): 289297. 

^ Carl T. Hall (June 26, 2007). “Raging Tahoe Fire’s Roots: 150 Years of Mismanagement”. San Francisco Chronicle: p. A-1. 

^ “Construction Monitoring”. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. http://www.trpa.org/default.aspx?tabindex=1&tabid=40. 

^ “History of The League to Save Lake Tahoe”. keeptahoeblue.org. http://www.keeptahoeblue.org/about/history.php. Retrieved 2008-09-25. 

^ Hartman, Joanna. “Tahoe Coast Guard changes command”. tahoe.com (Sierra Sun). http://www.tahoe.com/article/SS/20070805/NEWS/70805008/0/COMMUNITY06. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 

^ Egi, S. M.; Brubakk, Alf O. (1995). “Diving at altitude: a review of decompression strategies”. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine 22 (3): 281300. ISSN 1066-2936. OCLC 26915585. PMID 7580768. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2194. Retrieved 2009-03-11. 

^ “Altitude Diving”. http://www.tdconline.com/training/specialty/altitude.html. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 

^ “Bonanza”. TVLand. Viacom International Inc.. http://www.tvland.com/shows/bonanza/. Retrieved 2008-10-31. 

^ See http://www.tvacres.com/farms_ranches_ponderosa.htm, http://gocalifornia.about.com/cs/laketahoe/a/ponderosa.htm

References

Becker, Andrew. “The naming of Tahoe’s mountains”. tahoe.com. http://www.tahoe.com/article/20060201/COMMUNITY07/11113035. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 

Byron, Earl R.; Charles R. Goldman (1 January 1989). “Land-Use and Water Quality in Tributary Streams of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada”. Journal of Environmental Quality 18 (1): 8488. http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/1/84. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 

Chang, C. C. Y.; J. S. Kuwabara, and S. P. Pasilis (1992). “Phosphate and iron limitation of phytoplankton biomass in Lake Tahoe”. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 49: 12061215. 

Coats, R. N., and C. R. Goldman. 2001. Patterns of nitrogen transport in streams of the Lake Tahoe basin, California-Nevada. Water Resour. Res. 37: 405-415.

Coats, R. N., J. Perez-Losada, G. Schladow, R. Richards and C. R. Goldman. 2006. The Warming of Lake Tahoe. Climatic Change (In Press).

Crippen, J. R., and B. R. Pavelka. 1970. The Lake Tahoe basin, California-Nevada U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1972.

Gardner, James V.; Larry A. Mayer and John Hughes-Clarke (2003-01-16). “THE BATHYMETRY OF LAKE TAHOE, CALIFORNIA-NEVADA”. Open-File Report 98-509. U.S. Geological Survey. http://tahoe.usgs.gov/openfile.html. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 

Goldman, C. R., A. Jassby, and T. Powell. 1989. Interannual fluctuations in primary production: meteorological forcing at two subalpine lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34: 310-323.

Goldman, C. R., A. D. Jassby, and S. H. Hackley. 1993. Decadal, interannual, and seasonal variability in enrichment bioassays at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA. Can.J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 1489-1496.

Hatch, L. K., J. E. Reuter, and C. R. Goldman, 2001. Stream phosphorus transport in the Lake Tahoe Basin, 1989-1996. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 69: 63-83.

Jassby, A. D., C. R. Goldman, and T. M. Powell. 1992. Trend, seasonality, cycle, and irregular fluctuations in primary productivity at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA. Hydrobiol. 246: 195-203.

Jassby, A. D., J. E. Reuter, R. P. Axler, C. R. Goldman, and S. H. Hackley, 1994. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in the annual nutrient load of Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada). Water Resour. Res. 30: 2207-2216.

Jassby, A. D., C. R. Goldman and J. E. Reuter. 1995. Long-term change in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada, U.S.A.) and its relation to atmospheric deposition of algal nutrients. Arch. Hydrobiol. 135: 1-21.

Jassby, A. D., C. R. Goldman, J. E. Reuter, and R. C. Richards. 1999. Origins and scale dependence of temporal variability in the transparency of Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Limnol. Oceanog. 44: 282-294.

Jassby, A., J. Reuter, and C. R. Goldman. 2003. Determining long-term water -quality change in the presence of climate variability: Lake Tahoe (U.S.A.). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60: 1452-1461.

Leonard, R. L., L. A. Kaplan, J. F. Elder, R. N. Coats, and C. R. Goldman, 1979. Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff from a Subalpine Watershed, Lake Tahoe Basin, California. Ecological Monographs 49: 281-310.

Nagy, M., 2003. Lake Tahoe Basin Framework Study Groundwater Evaluation Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, CA.

Naslas, G. D., W. W. Miller, R. R. Blank and G. F. Gifford, 1994. Sediment, nitrate, and ammonium in surface runoff from two Tahoe basin soil types. Water Resour. Bull. 30: 409-417.

Richards, R. C., C. R. Goldman, E. Byron, and C. Levitan, 1991. The mysids and lake trout of Lake Tahoe: A 25-year history of changes in the fertility, plankton, and fishery of an alpine lake. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 9: 30-38.

Schuster, S., and M. E. Grismer, 2004. Evaluation of water quality projects in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 90: 225-242.

Scott, E. B. 1957. The Saga of Lake Tahoe. Early Lore and History of the Lake Tahoe Basin.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lake Tahoe

Lake Tahoe Hotel Reservations – a simple site about Lake Tahoe Hotels

Lake Tahoe Data Clearinghouse – USGS/Western Geographic Science Center

Tahoe Environmental Research Center – UC Davis research & outreach

The Lake of the Sky by George Wharton James

VisitRenoTahoe.com – Lake Tahoe pages

Lake Tahoe REMOTE Meteorological Data Sites

Lake Tahoe Watershed- California Rivers Assessment database

Lake Tahoe Photos and Reviews- Lake Reviews and Photos

Lake Tahoe at the Open Directory Project

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Categories: Carson City, Nevada | Douglas County, Nevada | El Dorado County, California | Great Basin | Lake Tahoe | Lakes of California | Lakes of Nevada | Landmarks in California | Landmarks in Nevada | Mountain lakes | Placer County, California | Sacramento metropolitan area | Sierra Nevada | Ski areas and resorts in California | Ski areas and resorts in Nevada | Regions of Nevada | Regions of the Great Basin | Northern California | Washoe County, Nevada | Borders of California | Borders of NevadaHidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Geological Survey | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009

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Garbage disposal – Hydraulic Couplings Manufacturer – Precision Fasteners manufacturer
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History
The garbage disposal was invented in 1927 by John W. Hammes. He was an architect working in Racine, Wisconsin. After eleven years of development, his InSinkErator company put his disposer on the market in 1938.
In many cities in the United States in the 1930s and the 1940s the municipal sewage system had regulations prohibiting running food waste (garbage) into the system. InSinkErator spent considerable effort, and was highly successful in convincing many localities to rescind these prohibitions. Many localities mandated the use of disposers. For many years, garbage disposals were illegal in New York City because of a perceived threat of damage to the city’s sewer system. After a 21-month study with the NYC Department of Environmental Protection, the ban was rescinded in 1997 by local law 1997/071 which amended section 24-518.1, NYC Administrative code. In 2008, the city of Raleigh, North Carolina attempted a ban on the replacement and installation of garbage disposals which also extended to outlying towns sharing the city’s municipal sewage system, but rescinded the ban one month later.
Garbage disposal units became popular in American kitchens in the 1970s and 1980s. In the U.S. 47% of homes had disposal units as of 2007, but in the United Kingdom this was only 6%. Geographical extent
Garbage disposal units are widely used in North American households, but far less commonly used elsewhere. In nations with ready access to water and an industrial base, these devices are generally permitted.
In Sweden, some municipalities encourage the installation of disposers so as to increase the production of biogas. Some local authorities in Britain subsidise the purchase of garbage disposal units in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill. The rationale for garbage disposals
Food scraps range from 10% to 20% of household waste, and are a problematic component of municipal waste, creating public health, sanitation and environmental problems at each step, beginning with internal storage and followed by truck-based collection. Burned in waste-to-energy facilities, the high water-content of food scraps does not generate energy; buried in landfills (a method now abolished in the EU), food scraps decompose and generate methane gas, which is a highly potent greenhouse gas, initially 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide, and after many years breaking down to carbon dioxide and water.
The premise behind the proper use of a disposal is to effectively regard food scraps as liquid (averaging 70% water, like human waste), and utilize existing infrastructure (underground sewers and wastewater treatment plants) for its management. Modern wastewater plants are effective at processing organic solids into fertilizer products (known as biosolids), with advanced facilities also capturing methane for energy production. Operation
The parts of a garbage disposal.
A high-torque, insulated electric motor, usually rated at 200750 watts ( to 1 horsepower) for a domestic unit, spins a circular turntable mounted horizontally above it. Induction motors rotate at 1,4001,800 rpm and have low starting torque; commutator motors rotate at higher speeds (about 2,800 rpm), have high starting torque, and are usually lighter. However commutator motors are noisier than induction motors, partially due to the higher speeds and partially because the commutator brushes rub on the slotted armature. The higher starting torque of those appliances with a permanent magnet motor secures in most cases that there will be no blockage.
The added weight and size of induction motors might be of concern. Many models have some degree of sound insulation.
The turntable is surrounded by a shredder ring, which has sharp slots. The food waste sits on the turntable and through centrifugal force is forced to its perimeter and through the shredder ring. The turntable has a number of swiveling lugsimilar to little hammers attached to its topsidehich assist in forcing the waste through the shredder. Except for special models, most of the food waste disposers do not have any sharp blades or scissors.
A garbage disposal from above; the grinding chamber can be seen when it is removed from the sink.
Waste is fed into a chamber above the turntable and drops on the turntable. The chamber may have a rubber partial closure through which waste can be pushed without letting cutlery and other objects fall in, but essentially the chamber is open at the top, and there is access to the turntable. This is useful in the case of a jam: The turntable can be forced round by pushing with a wooden spoon handle or similar object until the jam clears. Waste that cannot be ground successfully can be removed manually.
Most units are of the continuous-feed type, allowing waste to be added as the unit runs. Batch-feed models are also available with a lid that must be locked before operation, making it impossible to run the machine when a user is trying to clear a jam by hand and preventing cutlery, etc. from falling in.
Some commercial and high-end domestic disposals also have an undercutter blade that revolves below the turntable and chops the ground waste, including fibrous material which could cause a drain clog, finer. These disposals can handle fibrous waste such as artichoke leaves that cannot be successfully ground in a standard disposal.
Waste disposal units may jam but can usually be cleared either by forcing the turntable round from above or by turning the motor using a hex-key wrench inserted into the motor shaft from below. Very hard objects accidentally or deliberately introduced, such as metal cutlery, can damage the waste disposal unit and become damaged themselves. More problematic are drain blockages caused by shredded waste that is fibrous (artichoke leaves) or starchy (potato peelings).
Some higher-end units have automatic reversing. By using a slightly more-complicated centrifugal starting switch, the split-phase motor rotates in the opposite direction from the previous run each time it is started. This can clear minor jams but is claimed to be unnecessary by some manufacturers: Since the late 1970s most disposal units have swivel impellers which make reversing unnecessary.
There was another kind of garbage disposal unit powered by water pressure rather than electricity, and while that unit is still frequently cited in various articles and web searches, it has not been commercially available since the early 2000′s and the manufacturer filed for bankruptcy back in 2007. Instead of the turntable and grind ring described above, an alternative machine had a water-powered unit with an oscillating piston with blades attached to chop the waste into fine pieces. Because of this cutting action, they could handle fibrous waste. Water-powered units took longer than electric ones for a given amount of waste and needed fairly high water pressure to function properly. It was a great concept, but apparently not yet ready for mass production.
Cold water should always be kept running when the disposal is switched on to prevent damage to the blades and wash away the chopped waste without allowing it to build up and clog the drains. Hot water tends to melt easily-flushed solid shredded pieces of fat, which can then solidify and block the drain. Under no circumstances should oil or grease be disposed in a sink drain with or without a disposer in use.
Provision must be made to supply and switch power to the waste disposal unit. A conventional electric switch can be used, which requires wiring to be installed and poses a potential electric shock hazard if used with wet hands. An air switch which delivers a puff of air to operate an electric switch remote from the operator is safer. Alternatively, a wireless remote control switch can be used.
If a garbage disposal is discovered to have a “frozen lug”, or a hammer that does not move freely, it is recommended that the user feed smaller bones such as those from chicken, through the unit. As seen on an episode of the TV show How It’s Made, InSinkErator company tests its units by feeding frozen steer bones through a sample batch of disposal units, so one does not need fear damage to a unit in good condition with chicken bones, though such bones may become stuck and prevent normal use of the disposal unit. Many repair technicians recommend a weekly feeding of a batch of ice cubes through a running disposer to maintain good cleanliness. This will assist in keeping the lugs or hammers rotating freely and remove any build-up of deposits and minerals. Never feed glass into a garbage disposal.
Disposers used in conjunction with septic systems will add to the load of the system, and may cause more frequent septic pumping, or overflow of sewage. For septic system users special disposers are available that feature an enzyme-adding system claimed to aid in degradation of food waste while in the septic system. Selection
A heavily corroded garbage disposal from above. Most of the teeth on the shredder ring have been destroyed. Rust in the turntable can cause the lugs to break free, as shown.
Selection of a garbage disposal unit should be based on quality and performance. Motors are relatively trouble-free, and unlikely to fail during a reasonable life-span. Metal parts in contact with waste and water (turntable, lugs, chamber, shredding ring) are very prone to corrosion, and last much longer if made of stainless steel or similar corrosion-resistant material rather than non-stainless steel, even if galvanized. The length of manufacturers’ warranties gives some indication of quality, but units should last much longer than their warranty period.
The size of the chamber and power of the motor (in horsepower or watts) determine the amount of waste processed per unit time. Soundproofing to reduce the noise of operation adds cost.
Induction and commutator motors each have advantages and disadvantages. Feed can be continuous or batched.
Some manufacturers use standard mountings for all their models, making it very easy to replace a unit by any model of the same brand.
Many standard disposal units allow a dishwasher to be connected, and some more expensive dishwashers are equipped with a small built-in garbage disposal unit, making it unnecessary to scrape plates before washing them. Impact and disadvantages
Sewage treatment plants cannot easily handle the extra load of kitchen waste disposal units.[citation needed] The load of organic carbon that reaches the treatment plant increases, which in turn increases the consumption of oxygen. The result is larger amounts of solids. However, if the waste water treatment is finely controlled, the organic carbon in the food may help to keep the bacterial decomposition running. Carbon may be deficient in that process. If no waste water treatment is performed, the extra load of pollutants is detrimental to the environment and chemicals in the waste are problematic.
It is often said[who?] that most organic waste would be better used for composting, an option not open to many city-dwellers without an effective collection system. Use of garbage disposal units diverts the impact of food waste from methods such as landfill or incinerators to effluent disposal systems.
Energy usage is not high; typically 500 to 1500 watts of power are used, comparable to an electric iron, but only for a very short time. Daily water usage varies, but is typically comparable to flushing a toilet a couple of times. One survey of these food processing units found a slight increase in household water use. Cultural references
A garbage disposal is featured prominently in the opening scene of Robert Redford’s 1980 movie Ordinary People.
A garbage disposal is featured in 1981′s The Incredible Shrinking Woman when Lily Tomlin’s character “Pat Kramer” falls down the drain and is almost chopped to bits by her housekeeper.
The character Claire Bennet on the TV series Heroes severely (and intentionally) mangled her hand in an active garbage disposal unit (shown as an InSinkErator unit) in the series pilot, though due to her superpowers her hand healed in moments. Due to a perceived negative portrayal of their product, InSinkErator filed suit against NBC Universal to remove the scene from future airings (it was edited to remove the manufacturer label after settlement of the suit).
The character Cosmo Kramer on the TV series Seinfeld installs a garbage disposal under the drain of his bathtub so he can prepare vegetables while showering.
In a 1997 segment of Jeopardy, the inal jeopardy question regarded New York City legalization of disposers.
In the 1977 film ‘Rolling Thunder’, Major Charles Rane (played by William Devane) has his hand mangled in a garbage disposal by a band of Mexican desperadoes. They want him to reveal the whereabouts of a cache of 2555 silver coins presented him by the townspeople upon his return from a North Vietnamese prison camp.
In the Stephen King novel Firestarter a government scientist suffering from mental problems commits suicide by feeding his hand and arm to a garbage disposal unit.
In issue #25 (May/June 1954) of EC Comics’ comic book The Haunt of Fear, a man’s attempt to dispose of his wife’s body in his new garbage disposal goes wrong because of the plumber’s improper installation of the unit. References
^ Shpiner, Ron. Submitted to the Senate of the Technion Israel Institute of Technology, January 1997. he Effect of Domestic Garbage Grinding on Sewage Systems and Wastewater Treatment Plants.
^ Cox of In-Sink-Erator dies of cancer at 84, Contractor, July 1999
^ Insinkerator on its heritage
^ The Impact of Food Waste Disposers in Combined Sewer Areas of New York City
^ NYC Council Issue 1997 (Bad link. Archived version.)
^ City of Raleigh | Council Approves Ban On New And Replacement Garbage Disposals
^ WRAL.com “Disposals to Grind on in Raleigh”. WRAL.com (Capitol Broadcasting Company). April 15, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. http://www.webcitation.org/5cs0WDi1q WRAL.com. 
^ Guardian, August 6, 2006, Two Counties offer incentives to install food waste disposals
^ http://www.svd.se/stockholm/nyheter/artikel_1646675.svd
^ http://www.wastemissionimpossible.org.uk/sinkyourwaste/index.html
^ Going Global By Going Green, The Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2008,p.B1
^ [http://www.appliancepartsonline.net/index.php?target=categories&category_id=22 APO, US
^ Food waste helps power wastewater plant, Fertilizer as by-product of wastewater plant
^ Garbage Disposal power on Nettally.com
^ Noise from universal motors vs. induction motors at howstuffworks.com
^ Magnet and induction motors in Commodore Disposers
^ http://www.secinfo.com/d1ztfh.uNa.htm
^ New Garbage Disposal Runs on Water Power, NY Times, December 16, 1999
^ Laumer, John: rash-Talking The Garbage Disposal: Examination Of A Not So Green US Export, ttp://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/trash-talking-the-garbage-disposal.php, 2008
^ http://money.guardian.co.uk/ethicalliving/story/0,,1839748,00.html
^ Karlberg, Tina and Erick Norin. VA-FORSK REPORT, 1999-9. ood Waste Disposers Effects on Wastewater Treatment Plants. A Study from the Town of Surahammar. External links
Garbage disposal research
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CHILDREN’S INFLUENCES ON FAMILY DECISION MAKING
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CHILDREN’S INFLUENCES ON FAMILY DECISION MAKING

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Children who are initiators have most influence on TVs, mobile phones and computer equipment, and least influence on juice, soft drinks and cereals. The knowledge of family buying roles is important in developing appropriate marketing strategies. The marketer can use this knowledge to identify the family members who play the roles of initiator and influencer for particular products and then develop an appropriate communication strategy targeted at these members to evoke the desired response. Since children tend to influence product decisions that are relevant to them, marketers must appeal to children as much as parents. Furthermore children’s involvement with a product category has a positive impact on children’s level of influence on family decision making. Therefore marketers could try to identify the types of products that appeal to children. By doing so, they could plan more child-friendly marketing activities, making it easier to connect with the children in order to increase their involvement.

 

Theories of children’s influences Theories about family consumption are important because they help us answer questions of group consumer behavior. Resources theory is one theoretical approach used in explaining the role of children in a family decision-making.

 

 

RESOURCES THEORY

Resources are the main source of power. ‘‘A resource is defined as anything that one partner may make available to another, helping the latter satisfy his or her needs or attain his or her goals. The balance of power will be on the side that partner who contributes the greater resources to the marriage”. Resources include tangibles such as money and property. Intangible resources include education and occupational training (Blood and Wolfe, 1960, p.12).

Resources are also defined as any property of a person or group that can be made available to other’s needs. In society, individuals have to negotiate to secure the resources they want or need. The resources of one person may be exchanged for those of another person (Dallos and Dallos, 1997, p. 14). Tashakkori et al. (1989, p. 91) suggest that resources determine parental power, based on different sources, including education level, age and family interaction.

 

McDonald (1980) proposes that five types of resources serve as bases from which family members may derive power. They are normative, economic, affective, personal and cognitive resources. Normative resources are the family’s values and norms. Economic resources refer to the monetary control exerted by the income earner. Affective resources encompass interpersonal relationships and belongingness. Personal resources include physical appearance and role competence. Cognitive resources refer to the intelligence of family members. For example, it is possible for the husband or wife to use normative and economic resources in family decision making (Moschis and Churchill, 1978), whereas the child is using affective and cognitive resources in the family interaction.

 

Sheth and Mittal (2004, p. 325) elaborate that cognitive resources are a basis for a reversal of influence in family. The shift occurs when a child grows up and is exposed to new knowledge. He or she begins to depend less on the parental role model. Thus, when children’s preferences differ from those of their parents, they are able to exercise their influence. There are two reasons for reverse influence. First, children may have greater knowledge and expertise than their parents in specific purchasing areas such as new media products. Second, there is a family norm, known as democratic justice in which each family member is given a voice. Many parents may consider giving their children the opportunity to influence their preferences in family decisions. This demonstrates that sons and daughters are citizens of the family and have their own rights.

 

The child may use affective tactics to increase his or her influence on family decisions. Wimalasiri (2004, p. 276) gives a detailed classification of influence tactics used by children to elicit the desired parental purchasing behavior: pressure tactics, upward appeal, exchange tactics, coalition tactics, ingratiating tactics, rational persuasion, inspirational appeals and consultation tactics. Rogers (1974) defines power as a capacity or an ability to influence others. Individual power must be viewed relative to specific social systems and the positions a person occupies within a given social system. It should be noted that power is linked to the family and the individual’s specific role in the family. Power broadly refers to all kinds of influence between family members. Galvin et al. (2004, p. 209) agree with the argument that influence occurs when family members use their power to try to change or modify others’ behaviors or beliefs.

 

Corfman and Lehmann’s (1987) ideas are an extension of those originally developed by Rogers (1974). Power is also defined as the ability of one person to change another person’s attitudes, beliefs or behavior in an intended direction. They add that relative influence in the family can be related to power-related resources and power use-related goals. Power-related resources correspond to passive influence and influence attempt. Power use-related goals are the costs and benefits of exercising power and are either personal goals or task goals.

When someone associates a higher income with greater power, the partner earning the higher wage is more likely to be the decision-maker. Wages should be positively related to the frequency of decision-making (Elder and Rudolph, 2003, p. 296). To test their resources hypothesis on couples only, Blood and Wolfe (1960) interviewed about 900 wives in Detroit and asked who made the final decision in family decisions. They drew the conclusion that most families had a joint (equalitarian) decision structure. However, there were families in which the husband made the most decisions (25 per cent) and a few wives dominated families (3 per cent). Thus, in the early literature on family decision-making, resources theory is supported for couples with no children. Does resources theory apply to families where children are involved? It is expected that the child, having has less economic resources, is thus less influential in family consumption decisions.

 

 THE ROLE OF CHILDREN

The role that children play in making decisions concerning the entire family unit has prompted researchers to direct attention to the study of influence of children. Children use various influencing tactics to persuade the parents to comply with their demands. Parent’s responses vary from outright denial to total acceptance. The amount of influence exerted by children varies by product category and stage of the decision making process. For some products, they are active initiators, information seekers, and buyers; whereas for other product categories, they influence purchases made by the parents. The purchasing act is governed by how they have been socialized to act as consumers.

MAKING YOUR OWN WAY

 

Children varied in the degree to which they regarded themselves as competent to make their own decisions. Children recognised that they were in the process of learning how to make decisions for themselves and were aware of how the example set by parents was important to the development of their own capacity to make decisions. However, children did make claims to both an entitlement and a competence in decision-making in relation to their growing sense of individual identity and independence.

 

FRIENDS AND OTHER FAMILIES

The experience of friends and other families had little bearing on patterns of decision- and rule-making for children at this age, except where this conflicted with or compromised children’s developing sense of their own social identity. This was often expressed in terms of ‘fitting in’ with their peers.

 

MOTHERS AND FATHERS

Most of the children in the study appeared to assume that their parents (even those few who lived apart) were in agreement over their decisions and in the interpretation and application of family rules. However, many children identified striking differences in the roles of their mothers and their fathers, usually along traditional gendered lines. For most children mothers, not fathers, were the most frequently consulted source of domestic authority.

 

Children’s influence is also seen to vary by who are the user and the perceived importance of the product to the user (Foxman and Tansuhaj, 1988). Jensen (1995) proposed that parents’ involvement is a function of financial risk, their role as users, and their perception of product differentiation whereas children are mostly involved in the purchase due to their role as users. Geuens et al. (2002) observed that the relative influence of children varies by the extent to which the parents are busy. Foxman et al. (1989) concluded that children tend to have more “say” in the purchase of products that are less expensive and for their own use. Several factors were found to significantly affect agreement among family members regarding adolescent purchase decision influence: families witnessing greater influence had older fathers, a concept-oriented communication style, fewer children, and a mother who worked fewer hours outside the house.

 

TV (for the 8-10 year-olds) the negative coefficients increase by sub decision stages, meaning that older children’s influence increases from category to brand to model. The opposite is the case with mobile phones, TV (for the 5-7 year-olds), and vacations, where the older children’s influence decreases as the decision making becomes more specific. The result for beverages can be explained in part by the fact that children acquire new skills and tastes as they grow older. Juice is dropped in favor of soft drinks (see Hansen et al., 2002, p. 28). Hereby hypothesis H3 is confirmed: the impact of child age varies, depending on the stage of the decision making process.

 

Children exercise quite strong influence on family decision making processes in connection with purchases, particularly in the case of products relevant to them (like cereal, juice, soft drinks, and mobile phones) and during the initiation stage. Children’s influence also varies with sub decision stages. The gender of the children does not contribute significantly to parents’ perception of their children’s influence.

 

CONCLUSION

Children are effectively fitting into the consumer role owing to time pressures and income effects in dual career families. Moreover, exposure to mass media and discussions with parents ensure that children are not only aware of the new brands avail-able, but also know how to evaluate them on various parameters. While younger children clearly affect parental behavior and purchases, adolescents have full cognitive development and an understanding of the economic concepts required for processing information and selection.  An analysis of children as consumers helps in the formulation of marketing strategies by identifying the motivations, interests, and attitudes of children who show the greatest involvement in making purchases in a specific product category. It has been seen that they act as purchasing agents for the family and are delegated the task of purchasing products which they themselves do not consume. Products for which children act as purchasing agents should be identified to help marketers understand the features that are preferred by these purchasers and to help direct appropriate messages towards them.

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

 

Blood, R.O. and Wolfe, D.M. (1960), Husbands and Wives: The Dynamics of Married Living, Free Press, Glencoe, IL.

 

Corfman, K.P. and Lehmann, D.R. (1987), ‘‘Models of cooperative group decision making and relative influence: an experimental investigation of family purchase decisions”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 14, pp. 1-13.

 

Dallos, S. and Dallos, D. (1997), Couples, Sex and Power, Open University Press, Buckingham.

 

Foxman, Ellen, Patriya S. Tansuhaj, and K. M. Ekstrom. 1989. “Family Members’ Perception of Adolescents Influence in Family Decision-Making.” Journal of Consumer Research, 15 (March), 482-91.

 

Hansen, F. (2002). Studiet af børn som forbrugere. In Hansen, F., Martensen, A., Halling, J., Lauritsen, G.B., Nielsen, J.C. & Puggard, B., Børns opvækst som forbrugere (9-26). Copenhagen, Denmark: Samfundslitteratur (in Danish).

 

McDonald, G.W. (1980), ‘‘Family power: the assessment of a decade of theory and research,

1970-1979”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 42, pp. 841-54.

 

McDonald, M. and Lavelle, M. (2001), ‘‘Call it ‘kid-fluence”’, US News & World Report, Vol. 131 No. 4, 30 July, pp. 32-5.

 

Sheth, J.N. and Mittal, B. (2004), Customer Behavioru: A Managerial Perspective, South-Western Thomson, Mason, OH.

 

Wimalasiri, F. (2004), ‘‘A cross-national study on children’s purchasing behavior and parental response”, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 274-84.

 

Innovative Marketing, Volume 4, Issue 4, 2008008

 

Young consumer’s Vol. 10 no. 2 2009 page 147

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